Thermography

Thermography

Definition

          A process of writing or printing involving the use of heat especially a raised printing process in which matter printing a letter press is dusted with powder and heated to make the lettering rise

  INTRODUCTION:

          Additionally this technique is sensitive to the hardware setup and calibration settings such as the frame rate, the experiment duration, due to its effect on the statistical sampling. This concern prompted a review of alternative basis functions that might provide a more appropriate means of decomposing thermal response data produced by pulsed thermographic inspection An alternative technique called Thermography

PRINCIPAL THERMOGRAPHY :

Using Fourier transform, signal in the temperature-time space can be decomposed into phase frequency space which uses sinusoidal basis function for transformation but the temperature profile in pulse Thermograph is typically a transient signal which cannot be represented efficiently in terms of sinusoidal basis functions. SVD is an alternative tool to extract spatial and temporal data from a matrix in a compact or simplified manner. Instead of relying on a basis function, SVD is an eigenvector-based transform that form an ortho normal space.  Theoretical principles of  thermography.

Every object with a temperature over the absolute zero point (0 Kelvin = -273,15 °C) emits infrared (IR) radiation. The human eye cannot perceive this, as it is more or less blind at this wavelength. Not the thermal imager. Its central element, the detector, is sensitive to IR radiation. Based on the intensity of the IR radiation, it determines the temperature of the object's surface, and makes it visible for the human eye with a thermal image. This process is referred to as thermography.

In order to make the IR radiation visible, the detector records it, converts it into an electric signal, and gives each signal a certain colour which is then shown in the display of the thermal imager. In principle, thermal imagers thus translate wavelengths from the infrared spectrum into wavelengths which are visible to the human eye (colours).

Incidentally, contrary to a relatively common misconception, one cannot look inside an object with a thermal imager, one can only visualize its surface temperature.

Infrared imaging in thermography

          Infrared thermography is equipment or method, which detects infrared energy emitted from object, converts it to temperature, and displays image of temperature distribution. To be accurate, the equipment and the method should be called differently, the equipment to be called as infrared thermography.

Principle of infrared imaging

          There are several medical imaging modalities within the electromagnetic spectrum, which is defined as the range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies. Depending on their physical principles, these various techniques mainly provide anatomical information.

MIT is essentially a digital two-dimensional imaging technique that provides data about the physiology of tissues [24]. Unlike most diagnostic modalities, MIT is non-invasive. The question is whether physiological imagec can change prior to anatomic disruption. Specific software makes it possible to incorporate anatomical and physiological information by image fusion, which helps to localize the affected area and extent of the injury.

All images are obtained through the energy from the human tissue, leading to a classification based on the energy applied to the body. The energy content of the emission is related to the wavelength of the radiation.

Regarding the spectral region, human skin is a black body radiator with an emissivity factor of 0.98 and is therefore a perfect emitter of infrared radiation at room temperature. Planck’s law describes the characteristics of infrared radiation emitted by an object in terms of spectral radiant emmitance.

 Applications of  Thermography in diagnosis medicine

              Many applications have been found in the medical profession for thermography.

·        The Thermal Video System produces full-field real-time images to a colour video monitor.

·        Thermography can be used to check the effects of such medical treatment as low frequency appliances and thermo-therapeutic appliances.

·        To aid research into the effectiveness of new medicines and drugs.

·        As a valuable aid in the research into physical exercise.

·        As an aid in hypothermia research.

·        General erythema and erythematosus.

·        Raynaud’s disease.

·        Rheumatoid arthritis.

·        Arteriosclerosis.

: Special applications: Thermography works non-invasive and delivers fast results. These two advantages allow it to be the measurement tool No.1 for fast detection of bird flu or SARS symptoms at airport passe.

Nebulizer in breathing control system

Defination

A device for converting a drug in liquid form into a mist or fine spray which is inhaled through a mask to provide medication for the respiratory system

How a Nebulizer Treatment Works

In addition to the component that actually nebulizer the medication, a nebulizer’s parts include a container to hold the medicine and plastic tubing that connects the container to a face mask or mouth piece. Treatments can be self-administered. Most nebulizers emit a constant stream of mist, which the user inhales deeply after four or five normal breaths. While taking the treatment, it’s a good idea to tap the nebulizer cup to ensure the medication is circulating through the system. Treatments normally last from 10 to 20 minutes. Clean your nebulizer to reduce the risk of contamination. More specific guidance on correct use is available in product labeling for nebulizers and package inserts for medications.

How does it work

Nebulizers work by atomizing liquid medicine into an inhalable gas form, which can then be easily breathed in by the patient. In addition to being an easier way to administer medicine than traditional oral methods, particularly for infants, nebulizer medicine also dissipates into the lungs faster, entering the bloodstream more quickly and providing relief as fast as possible. Home nebulizers work off of an AC power source which will plug into any standard outlet, freeing patients to administer treatments in their bedroom, living room, or any other area of the home that they choose. In this way, nebulizer breathing treatments can become less cumbersome and obstructive to daily life activities like cooking, watching TV, or sleeping.

Precautions

Risks associated with medications are generally from the specific agents, not whether you use a conventional inhaler or a nebulizer. People with asthma should see a doctor at least once a year or more frequently, and as needed if symptoms do not improve or asthma control seems to be worsening. See your health-care provider right away if you're feeling faint, dizzy or weak. Seek emergency treatment or dial 911 if your lips or nails are turning blue, the wheezing gets worse 15 minutes or more after you've used a rescue inhaler, you are taking 30 breaths or more a minute, or have difficulty walking at a normal pace.